Picaridin performed poorly as an irritant or repellent against both species. When adjusting contact test responses based on paired noncontact repellency assays, DEET and IR3535 showed much stronger spatial repellent properties than irritancy with An. DEET was the most active irritant and repellent compound against Cx. Anopheles minimus showed much more pronounced irritancy and repellency flight escape to IR3535 than picaridin. Culex quinquefasciatus showed significantly greater escape with DEET compared with the other compounds in both contact irritancy (excitation) and noncontact spatial repellency trials. Both actions were either minimal or absent for IR3535 and picaridin, respectively.
DEET showed 100% KD at 30 min and complete toxicity at 24 h against both species. The tube assays recorded knockdown effects of each repellent immediately after 30-min exposure and the final morality following a 24-h holding period. Escape responses, knockdown (KD), and toxicity of laboratory strains of Anopheles minimus Theobald and Culex quinquefasciatus Say to three synthetic mosquito repellents, DEET (N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), IR3535, or picaridin, at 5% v/v concentrations, were evaluated using repellent-treated papers in standard WHO tube assays and an excito-repellency (ER) test chamber system.
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